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Evolution Korea The democratic system in South Korea is susceptible to populist impulses. However, it is more stable than what one might expect. The country is seeking a new paradigm of development. The Confucian culture, which emphasizes respect for the ancestors as well as gendered family relationships, continues to influence the society. There are signs that a secular culture is gaining ground. Origins In the prehistoric era the ancestors of modern Koreans lived on hunting and gathering wild food. Around 10,000 years ago, they began to cultivate millet, beans and other crops. They also raised livestock, and made furs. They created tribal states in Manchuria and later on the Korean peninsula. They also established a metallurgy business, making bronze and later iron tools. They traded with other nations and introduced block printing to Japan and also styles of art as well as a written language and paper making. Gojoseon was founded in 2333 BCE on the southern peninsula. The state adopted Chinese culture which included Confucian Philosophy and Buddhism. During this period the people of Buyeo joined Gojoseon. Gojoseon had a hierarchical structure with a monarch and senior officials were drawn from the landed aristocracy whereas the rest of the population were peasants. The state imposed taxes on these citizens and often required them to join the army or participate in projects for the government like building fortifications. Onjo, a prince from Goguryeo who was also the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo, founded the state of Baekje at the end of the period. The new kingdom grew its territory into the southwest of the peninsula, and was at war with Goguryeo and China's commandos in the region. Baekje accepted Confucian ideas into its state belief system in 1390 CE and introduced the male-centric concept of filiopiety into a doctrine. Under the guise filiopiety, fathers were accountable to their families. They must be obedient to everyone and respected by their children and grandchildren. Goryeo, a country that ruled from 918 until 1392 CE and gave the world the Hangul Alphabet, based on the shapes created by the mouth when it pronounces. This significantly improved the communication between people and led to an explosion in the writing of Buddhist texts. Woodblock printing and the movable metal type were also improved. In 1145 CE the Samguk Sagi or “History of the Three Kingdoms” was the first to be recorded. The evolution of Korea The Korean peninsula has been habitable since Neolithic times and early evidence for human settlements is evident in the form of stone-lined cist graves with precious items like amazonite jewellery being buried along with the dead. Megalithic structures, referred to as dolmens, built from massive single stones, are common throughout the country. Gojoseon was the first state to be recognized in the first half of 1st millennium BCE. The peninsula was later ruled by a number of states during the Three Kingdoms Period (57 BC-635 CE) which included Baekje and Goguryeo. Moreover, the northern region of the peninsula was ruled by the Balhae kingdom, which most historians do not believe to be a valid Korean state. After the Three Kingdoms arose the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period, or Several States Period. In all of them, Baekje was the most powerful of them all, but its dynasty ended when Goguryeo was defeated in 676 CE and left the southern provinces of Manchuria and the western region around the Hwanghae Bay, while eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy prospered for a period of time. The Unified Silla Kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms began to cooperate to expand their territories. In the final, Silla, with significant Chinese aid, conquered all other states and united the peninsula in 935 CE. As Korea is entering a post-crisis period, its development paradigm seems to be changing. People who are shocked by the enormous cost of the old system are in favor of a comprehensive plan for liberalization of labor, capital and product markets. On the other hand those who support the old system want to preserve it by leveraging nationalist sentiments and inflating fears over potential job losses. Policy and academic analysts are sharply divided on the extent to which these two trends are driving Koreas development towards a new model of economic governance. This article reviews developments to date, by looking at five phases of Korea's political evolution: the illiberal democratic period (1945-60), democratic authoritarianism (1961-72) and authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-87), democratic paternalism (1987-2001) and participatory democracy (2002 to the present). This article also highlights the most important factors that are the driving force behind these developments. Creationism in Korea In South Korea, 26 percent of the population is Christian. Creationists have had success in promoting their views to this group. A survey conducted in 2009 found that nearly a third of respondents did not believe in evolution. Of the respondents, 41% stated that there was insufficient evidence from science to support the theory 39% of respondents said that the theory contradicted their religion; and 17% said it was difficult to grasp. This level of disbelief is comparable to that of the United States where a similar number do not believe that humans evolved from lesser advanced forms of life. In the past of the anti-evolutionist movement in Korea was focused on teaching college students and bringing them to Christ. In 1980 an all-day creation science seminar was held in Seoul during the World Evangelization Crusade. Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Giss of ICR were the keynote speakers. This event attracted a large number of pastors, professors, church leaders, and scientists. The event's success resulted in the formation of the Korea Association of Creation Research on January 31 in 1980. The inaugural meeting was widely reported in the national press, including The Korea Times and Chosun Ilbo, and it attracted a lot of attention. KACR started publishing a newsletter titled CREATION. In it, the group published its own activities and published articles on scientific evidence for creationism. It also translated a number of film strips and slides from ICR as well as a few books on the subject of creationism, which were published outside of Korea. KACR members delivered lectures in universities and churches across the country. One instance of an KACR success story took place at the KAIST university in Seoul. There, students were so interested in the idea of creationism that they raised enough money and support to put up a small museum on campus with creationist fossil models and other exhibits. In addition to its public activities, KACR publishes a bimonthly news magazine called CREATION, that covers topics related to creation science, and it has sponsored a series of lectures by ICR staff. It has also established branches in local offices that give talks and seminars to schoolchildren and other community groups. Changes in South Korea In the latter half of the 19th century and beginning of 20th, Korea moved toward a Westernised lifestyle. The traditional hanbok, or Korean dress, was replaced to miniskirts and other style elements from overseas. Similarly, traditional Korean music styles were replaced by modern jazz and rock and roll. In 무료 에볼루션 of this transition the samulnori, or dance-dramas with masks were extremely popular. These dramatic pieces were performed to the accompaniment of shaman drums as well as various musical instruments. Korea's new development paradigm is being formed in the aftermath of the economic crisis. The biggest challenge facing the new regime is to strike a balance between state-led and market-oriented economic policies. It also involves rethinking the incentives and monitoring policies that shaped the pre-crisis system. These issues are examined in Chapters 3 and 4. Baekje, founded by Onjo Prince and third son of Jumong of Goguryeo was founded by people from the Hangang River area, Buyeo and other areas and also by a migrant from northern China. In the early 4th century, Baekje was a major regional power and expanded its territory as far as Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do in the south. It was therefore in constant conflict with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanderies on the border. The decline of Silla in the late 8th and 9th centuries enabled powerful local factions to emerge. Gungye an eminent noble from Later Baekje, established a kingdom with Songak as its capital and exerted control over part of the present-day Jeolla and Chungcheong provinces. Later, he moved the capital to Wansanju and became a rival of Goguryeo. His rule was however short-lived. Wang Geon, a powerful local leader who defeated Gungye in 935 and unified Goryeo, Baekje, and Silla Later, he incorporated Baekje into Goryeo and acted as a peaceful successor. In addition, Wang Geon introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened a central ruling system. This marked the end to the Three Kingdoms Period. From that point, the Korean peninsula was ruled by the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms Period, Goguryeo Baekje Silla gradually grew into powerful states on the peninsula, and in Manchuria.